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Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...

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Updated: Jun 5, 2025

Predictive Immune Modeling of Solid Tumors

Predictive Immune Modeling of Solid Tumors

Published on: February 25, 2020

Mathematical Modeling Predicts Optimal Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor and Radiotherapy Combinations and Timing of

Shunsuke A Sakai^1,2,3, Koichi Saeki⁴, SungGi Chi¹

¹Division of Translational Informatics, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan.

Cancer Immunology Research

|December 12, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Combining radiotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors shows promise for cancer treatment. Optimal timing and drug combinations, like anti-PD-1/PD-L1 or anti-CTLA4/TIGIT, maximize efficacy by modulating immune responses during treatment.

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Published on: January 19, 2019

Area of Science:

Oncology
Immunotherapy
Cancer Research

Background:

Radiotherapy (RT) combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is a promising cancer treatment strategy.
Optimal administration timing and drug combinations for RT-ICI therapy are not well-defined due to unclear mechanisms of RT-induced immune changes.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the dynamics of lymphocyte-mediated molecular interactions during radiotherapy in esophageal cancer.
To identify optimal ICI combinations and administration timepoints for enhanced RT efficacy.

Main Methods:

Single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics were used to analyze patient tissue samples.
A mathematical model was developed to predict ICI efficacy at different RT timepoints.

Main Results:

Lymphocyte immune responses shifted from innate to adaptive during RT.
Key ligand-receptor interactions, including PD-1-PD-L1, CTLA4-CD80/86, and TIGIT-PVR, increased.
Mathematical modeling predicted maximal efficacy with concurrent anti-PD-1/PD-L1 or concurrent/adjuvant anti-CTLA4/TIGIT therapy.

Conclusions:

Concurrent or adjuvant ICI therapy, specifically anti-PD-1/PD-L1, anti-CTLA4, or anti-TIGIT, demonstrates maximal potential when combined with RT.
Findings provide a rationale for clinical trials investigating optimized RT-ICI combinations and timing.
This study supports future research into novel therapeutic targets and administration strategies.