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A water-responsive calix[4]resorcinarene system: self-assembly and fluorescence modulation.

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Water content controls the self-assembly and fluorescence of calix[4]resorcinarene macrocycles. Increasing water forms giant vesicles and micelles, while higher concentrations yield smaller micelles, demonstrating water

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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Calix[4]resorcinarene macrocycles are versatile molecular platforms.
  • Understanding their self-assembly in solution is crucial for applications.
  • Solvent effects on macrocycle behavior are not fully elucidated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of water content on calix[4]resorcinarene self-assembly.
  • To analyze how water influences the fluorescence properties of these macrocycles.
  • To explore the potential of water-responsive calixarene systems.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of two novel calix[4]resorcinarene macrocycles.
  • Preparation of tetrahydrofuran (THF)/water mixtures with varying water percentages.
  • Characterization of self-assembled structures using techniques like dynamic light scattering (DLS).
  • Monitoring fluorescence quenching upon water addition.

Main Results:

  • In pure THF, macrocycles form flattened structures.
  • In THF/water mixtures up to 53% water, large giant vesicles (500-5000 nm) and small micelles (3.4-3.5 nm) coexist.
  • Above 53% water, assemblies shift to unimodal micelles (140-160 nm).
  • Fluorescence quenching occurs with increasing water content due to nonradiative deactivation.

Conclusions:

  • Water content is a critical factor regulating the self-assembly and fluorescence of these calix[4]resorcinarene macrocycles.
  • The observed transitions in assembly size and morphology highlight water's role as a responsive element.
  • These findings provide a foundation for designing advanced water-responsive calixarene-based materials.