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Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
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Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
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An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...
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Biasing metal-semiconductor junctions involves applying a voltage across the junction. Specifically, the metal is connected to a voltage source, while the semiconductor is grounded. This technique is essential for controlling the direction and magnitude of current flow in electronic devices, including diodes, transistors, and photovoltaic cells.
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Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
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φ Josephson Junction Induced by Altermagnetism.

Bo Lu1, Kazuki Maeda2, Hiroyuki Ito2

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We investigated the Josephson effect in superconductor-altermagnet-superconductor junctions, observing anomalous phenomena like 0-π transitions. These junctions exhibit tunable properties, offering potential for novel functionalities in superconducting devices.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Superconductivity
  • Spintronics

Background:

  • The Josephson effect describes quantum mechanical tunneling between superconductors.
  • Altermagnets are a novel class of magnetic materials with unique electronic properties.
  • Superconductor-altermagnet-superconductor (S-AM-S) junctions are emerging platforms for exploring exotic phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the Josephson effect in superconductor-altermagnet-superconductor junctions.
  • To identify and characterize anomalous phenomena within these junctions.
  • To explore the tunability and potential functionalities of S-AM-S systems.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling of the Josephson effect in S-AM-S junctions.
  • Analysis of current-phase relationships.
  • Investigation of phase transitions and energy minima.

Main Results:

  • Observed anomalous phenomena including 0-π transitions.
  • Identified multinodal current-phase relations.
  • Demonstrated that d-wave altermagnets can support $\phi$ junctions with double degeneracy.
  • Showcased tunability of junction properties via exchange energy, crystal orientation, length, and doping.

Conclusions:

  • S-AM-S junctions exhibit rich and tunable properties.
  • The observed phenomena suggest accessible functionalities for advanced superconducting devices.
  • These findings open new avenues for research in hybrid superconducting systems.