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What is a Species?

What is a Species?

Genetics of Speciation

Genetics of Speciation

Speciation is the evolutionary process resulting in the formation of new, distinct species—groups of reproductively isolated populations.

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Pollination and Flower Structure

Flowers are the reproductive, seed-producing structures of angiosperms. Typically, flowers consist of sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. Sepals and petals are the vegetative flower organs. Stamens and carpels are the reproductive organs.

Frequency-dependent Selection

Frequency-dependent Selection

When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.

Formation of Species

Formation of Species

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Gene Flow

Gene Flow

Gene flow is the transfer of genes among populations, resulting from either the dispersal of gametes or from the migration of individuals.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2025

Author Spotlight: A High-Resolution, Single-Grain, In Vivo Pollen Hydration Bioassay for Arabidopsis thaliana

Author Spotlight: A High-Resolution, Single-Grain, In Vivo Pollen Hydration Bioassay for Arabidopsis thaliana

Published on: June 30, 2023

Multiple gatekeeping steps in pollination lock species specificity.

Yong-Jun He¹, Shuo Xu¹, Kai-Mei Zhang¹

¹The School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.

Journal of Experimental Botany

|December 14, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This review synthesizes pollen-stigma interactions on dry stigmas, focusing on the Brassicaceae family. It details pollen adhesion, hydration, germination, and penetration, highlighting mechanisms that ensure species specificity and prevent fertilization failure.

Keywords:

Pollen adhesion pollen germination pollen hydration pollen tube penetration pollination species specificity stigma

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Published on: November 9, 2020

Area of Science:

Plant reproductive biology
Molecular and cellular botany
Evolutionary botany

Background:

Flowering plant reproduction relies on pollen-stigma interactions for successful fertilization.
Dry stigmas, lacking exudates, act as selective filters, crucial for species specificity.
Understanding these processes is key to reproductive success and crop improvement.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review and synthesize selective events occurring on dry stigmas.
To provide an up-to-date summary of pollen-stigma interactions, focusing on the Brassicaceae family.
To identify knowledge gaps and suggest future research directions in plant reproductive biology.

Main Methods:

Literature review and systematic synthesis of existing research.
Chronological analysis of pollen adhesion, hydration, germination, and penetration events.
Focus on molecular and cellular mechanisms governing pollen-stigma recognition.

Main Results:

Dry stigmas employ multi-layered filtration for compatible pollen acceptance and incompatible pollen rejection.
Specific molecular cues and cellular interactions mediate pollen adhesion, hydration, and germination.
The Brassicaceae family provides a model system for studying these intricate reproductive processes.

Conclusions:

Dry stigma interactions are critical for ensuring reproductive isolation and species integrity.
Further research is needed to fully elucidate the molecular mechanisms of pollen selection.
Expanding studies to other plant families will enhance our understanding of plant reproduction.