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Approved and Emerging Hormone-Based Anti-Obesity Medications: A Review Article

Wael R Sidrak1, Sanjay Kalra2, Atul Kalhan3

  • 1Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Abou-Seifein Diabetes and Endocrine Center, Cairo, Egypt.

Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism
|December 16, 2024
PubMed

Insights

Next-generation anti-obesity medications (AOMs) targeting gut-brain communication, particularly glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1RAs), show significant weight reduction. Emerging hormone-based AOMs offer diverse options, but long-term safety data is pending.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology
  • Metabolic Diseases

Background:

  • Obesity is a complex, chronic disease with global health implications.
  • Advancements in understanding gut-brain signaling have spurred the development of novel anti-obesity medications (AOMs).
  • Hormone-based AOMs, particularly those targeting the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R), are at the forefront of treatment innovation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of approved and emerging hormone-based AOMs.
  • To highlight the molecular mechanisms and clinical efficacy of current and investigational AOMs.
  • To discuss the potential future landscape of obesity pharmacotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical trial data for approved and investigational AOMs.
  • Analysis of medications targeting GLP1R, amylin receptors, and dual/tri-agonist pathways.
  • Synthesis of information on weight reduction efficacy and mechanisms of action.

Main Results:

  • Approved GLP1 receptor agonists (GLP1RAs) like Liraglutide and Semaglutide are established treatments.
  • Emerging agents including oral GLP1RAs (Semaglutide, Danuglipron, Orforglipron), amylin receptor agonists (Cagrilintide), dual GIP/GLP-1 agonists (Tirzepatide), and GLP1R/GCGR dual agonists (Survodutide, Mazdutide, Pemvidutide) show significant weight loss.
  • A GLP1R/GCGR/GIPR tri-agonist (Retatrutide) demonstrated substantial weight reduction in Phase II trials.

Conclusions:

  • A diverse array of hormone-based AOMs are in development, offering promising therapeutic options for obesity.
  • GLP1RAs and multi-agonist therapies represent a significant advancement in obesity pharmacotherapy.
  • Further research is required to ascertain the long-term safety and cardiovascular benefits of these novel medications.
Keywords:
Amylinanti-obesity medicationdual receptor agonistsglucagonglucagon-like peptide-1glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptideobesitypeptide tyrosine-tyrosinetriple receptor agonistsweight management

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