Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction Years After Cessation of Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Use
Yeliz Bulut1,2, Jon Jarløv Rasmussen1, Niels Brandt-Jacobsen1,3
1Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Insights
Anabolic steroid use impairs heart microcirculation, with effects persisting even after cessation. This study highlights the long-term cardiovascular risks associated with anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs).
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Sports Medicine
- Medical Imaging
Background:
- Long-term anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) use is linked to severe cardiac issues like hypertrophy and heart failure.
- The underlying mechanisms, particularly concerning myocardial microcirculation, remain understudied.
- Impaired microcirculation may be a key factor in early cardiac disease development in AAS users.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate coronary microcirculation in men with current and former AAS use compared to controls.
- To measure myocardial flow reserve (MFR) using cardiac rubidium-82 (82Rb) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT).
Main Methods:
- Cross-sectional study of 90 men (current AAS users, former AAS users, controls) undergoing recreational strength training.
- Cardiac PET/CT with 82Rb was performed at rest and during adenosine-induced stress.
- Myocardial flow reserve (MFR) was measured; impaired microcirculation defined as MFR < 2, subclinically impaired as MFR < 2.5.
Main Results:
- Impaired MFR was observed in 18.8% of current AAS users and 3.2% of former users, versus 0% in controls (P=.02).
- Subclinically impaired MFR was significantly higher in both current (28.1%) and former (25.8%) AAS users compared to controls (3.7%) (P=.02).
- Among former users, increased duration of AAS use was independently associated with a higher risk of impaired MFR (<2.5).
Conclusions:
- Impaired myocardial microcirculation, indicated by reduced MFR, is present in men with current and former AAS use.
- These microcirculatory deficits persist for years after AAS cessation, suggesting long-term cardiovascular impact.
- Coronary microcirculation assessment may be a crucial target for intervention in individuals with a history of AAS use.
Importance:
Long-term use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) is associated with a high risk of left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure with reduced systolic function, and early sudden death, with the mechanism of progression being understudied. Early and persistent impaired myocardial microcirculation could be of clinical importance and a potential underlying mechanism of frequent and early cardiac disease among individuals with AAS use and a future potential target for intervention.
Objective:
To investigate coronary microcirculation by measuring myocardial flow reserve (MFR) in men with current and former AAS use compared with controls with no prior AAS use, using cardiac rubidium 82 (82Rb) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT).
Design, Setting, And Participants:
This cross-sectional study included men involved in recreational strength training without established cardiovascular disease grouped according to their history of AAS use. The study was conducted November 24, 2021, to August 16, 2023.
Exposure:
Cardiac PET/CT with 82Rb was performed at rest and after adenosine-induced stress.
Main Outcome And Measure:
The primary outcome of this study was the MFR among the study groups; a secondary outcome was the coronary calcium score. By definition, impaired myocardial microcirculation was determined using a cutoff of MFR less than 2, and subclinically impaired microcirculation was determined using a cutoff of MFR less than 2.5.
Results:
A total of 90 men (32 with current AAS use, 31 with former AAS use, and 27 controls) were included. Mean (SD) age was 35.1 (8.7) years. Elapsed duration since AAS cessation was a geometric mean of 1.5 (95% CI, 0.9-2.5) years. Eighteen men (58.1%) with former use discontinued AAS use more than 1 year before enrollment. Impaired MFR was present in those with current (6 [18.8%]) and former (1 [3.2%]) use, whereas no impairment was observed among the controls (P = .02). Subclinically impaired MFR was higher among men with current (9 [28.1%]) and former (8 [25.8%]) AAS use than the controls (1 [3.7%]) (P = .02). In a multivariable logistic regression model among men with former AAS use, every doubling of the accumulated weekly duration of AAS use (log2) was independently associated with a factor 2 increase in the risk of impaired MFR less than 2.5 (odds ratio, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.03-4.35; P = .04).
Conclusions And Relevance:
In this study, men with former AAS use displayed impaired MFR years after AAS cessation, suggesting impaired coronary microcirculation persists beyond active use.
