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The Water Cycle01:00

The Water Cycle

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The Earth’s hydrosphere includes all of the areas where the storage and movement of water occurs. Since water is the basis of all living processes, the cycling of water is extremely important to ecosystem dynamics.
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Specialized tissues in plant roots have evolved to capture water, minerals, and some ions from the soil. Roots exhibit a variety of branching patterns that facilitate this process. The outermost root cells have specialized structures called root hairs that increase the root surface, thus increasing soil contact. Water can passively cross into roots, as the concentration of water in the soil is higher than that of the root tissue. Minerals, in contrast, are actively transported into root cells.
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The most common elements in organic molecules, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, are only available in the ecosystem in limited amounts. Therefore, these nutrients must be recycled through both biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem, in processes generally called biogeochemical cycles.
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Thermal Expansion01:22

Thermal Expansion

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The expansion of alcohol in a thermometer is one of many commonly encountered examples of thermal expansion, which is the change in size or volume of a given system as its temperature changes. The most visible example is the expansion of hot air. When air is heated, it expands and becomes less dense than the surrounding air, which then exerts an upward force on the hot air to, for example, make steam and smoke rise, and hot air balloons float. The same behavior happens in all liquids and gases,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2025

Simulating Imaging of Large Scale Radio Arrays on the Lunar Surface
06:14

Simulating Imaging of Large Scale Radio Arrays on the Lunar Surface

Published on: July 30, 2020

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Exploring the lunar water cycle.

Philipp Reiss1

  • 1Technical University of Munich, School of Engineering and Design, Department of Aerospace and Geodesy, Ottobrunn 85521, Germany.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|December 16, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Evidence suggests water exists on the Moon, with upcoming missions to study its forms, distribution, and origin. Understanding the lunar water cycle is crucial for future exploration and scientific discovery.

Keywords:
Moonexplorationsolar systemvolatileswater

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Area of Science:

  • Lunar Science
  • Astrobiology
  • Geochemistry

Background:

  • Remote sensing and sample analyses indicate water presence on the Moon.
  • Several upcoming missions aim for in situ lunar water research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of the current understanding of the lunar water cycle.
  • To highlight challenges in modeling and in situ analysis of lunar water.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing remote-sensing observations and returned sample analyses.
  • Discussion of planned in situ research methodologies.
  • Analysis of challenges in current data constraints.

Main Results:

  • Lunar water presence is supported by multiple lines of evidence.
  • A comprehensive characterization of lunar water (forms, abundance, distribution, origin) is needed.
  • Current data and models face limitations in fully understanding the lunar water cycle.

Conclusions:

  • Further in situ research is essential to advance the understanding of lunar water occurrences.
  • Addressing challenges in data acquisition and modeling is key for future lunar exploration.
  • Understanding the lunar water cycle is vital for lunar science and human exploration.