Investigating Older Adults' Perceptions of AI Tools for Medication Decisions: Vignette-Based Experimental Survey

Given the public release of large language models, research is needed to explore whether older adults would be receptive to personalized medication advice given by artificial intelligence (AI) tools.

This study aims to identify predictors of the likelihood of older adults stopping a medication and the influence of the source of the information.

We conducted a web-based experimental survey in which US participants aged ≥65 years were asked to report their likelihood of stopping a medication based on the source of information using a 6-point Likert scale (scale anchors: 1=not at all likely; 6=extremely likely). In total, 3 medications were presented in a randomized order: aspirin (risk of bleeding), ranitidine (cancer-causing chemical), or simvastatin (lack of benefit with age). In total, 5 sources of information were presented: primary care provider (PCP), pharmacist, AI that connects with the electronic health record (EHR) and provides advice to the PCP ("EHR-PCP"), AI with EHR access that directly provides advice ("EHR-Direct"), and AI that asks questions to provide advice ("Questions-Direct") directly. We calculated descriptive statistics to identify participants who were extremely likely (score 6) to stop the medication and used logistic regression to identify demographic predictors of being likely (scores 4-6) as opposed to unlikely (scores 1-3) to stop a medication.

Older adults (n=1245) reported being extremely likely to stop a medication based on a PCP's recommendation (n=748, 60.1% [aspirin] to n=858, 68.9% [ranitidine]) compared to a pharmacist (n=227, 18.2% [simvastatin] to n=361, 29% [ranitidine]). They were infrequently extremely likely to stop a medication when recommended by AI (EHR-PCP: n=182, 14.6% [aspirin] to n=289, 23.2% [ranitidine]; EHR-Direct: n=118, 9.5% [simvastatin] to n=212, 17% [ranitidine]; Questions-Direct: n=121, 9.7% [aspirin] to n=204, 16.4% [ranitidine]). In adjusted analyses, characteristics that increased the likelihood of following an AI recommendation included being Black or African American as compared to White (Questions-Direct: odds ratio [OR] 1.28, 95% CI 1.06-1.54 to EHR-PCP: OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.17-1.73), having higher self-reported health (EHR-PCP: OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.01-1.18 to EHR-Direct: OR 1.13 95%, CI 1.05-1.23), having higher confidence in using an EHR (Questions-Direct: OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.16-1.58 to EHR-PCP: OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.33-1.80), and having higher confidence using apps (EHR-Direct: OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.18-1.62 to EHR-PCP: OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.27-1.74). Older adults with higher health literacy were less likely to stop a medication when recommended by AI (EHR-PCP: OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.75-0.88 to EHR-Direct: OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.78-0.92).

Older adults have reservations about following an AI recommendation to stop a medication. However, individuals who are Black or African American, have higher self-reported health, or have higher confidence in using an EHR or apps may be receptive to AI-based medication recommendations.