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Dosage Regimens: Designs and Approaches01:28

Dosage Regimens: Designs and Approaches

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Designing a dosage regimen, which refers to the manner of drug administration, is a complex process involving the selection of drug dose, route, and frequency. This process is underpinned by pharmacokinetic parameters derived from tests and population averages. These parameters are then tailored to patient-specific variables such as diagnosis, demographics, and allergy status. Once therapy commences, therapeutic response monitoring is critical and achieved through clinical and physical...
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Dosage Regimen: Individualization01:24

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Individualization in dosing regimens is the customization of medication doses for individual patients. Its necessity arises from the goal of maximizing therapeutic benefits while minimizing risks. This approach is pivotal because human responses to drugs can vary widely; what is effective for one person may be inadequate or excessive for another. Interpatient (intersubject) variability refers to differences in drug responses between individuals, while intrapatient (intrasubject) variability...
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Determination of Multiple Dosing Parameters: Steady-State, Minimum and Maximum Concentrations01:15

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Gentamicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, is commonly administered via intermittent intravenous infusion to treat severe infections. An intermittent one-hour infusion of gentamicin, administered at eight-hour intervals, allows for precise control of plasma drug concentrations, minimizing toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy. Pharmacokinetic principles govern the dynamics of plasma concentrations and can be mathematically described using specific equations.The plasma drug concentration...
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Determination of Multiple Dosing Parameters: Loading and Maintenance Doses01:25

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A loading dose is an essential pharmacological strategy to rapidly achieve the target plasma drug concentration necessary for an immediate therapeutic effect. This approach is especially critical for drugs characterized by slow absorption or extended half-lives, where delaying therapeutic plasma levels could compromise treatment outcomes. By administering a loading dose, clinicians ensure a prompt onset of drug action, even for agents with complex pharmacokinetic profiles.Achieving steady-state...
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Hazard Ratio01:12

Hazard Ratio

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The hazard ratio (HR) is a widely used measure in clinical trials to compare the risk of events, such as death or disease recurrence, between two groups over time. It reflects the ratio of hazard rates—the instantaneous risk of the event occurring—between a treatment group and a control group. This measure provides valuable insights into the relative effectiveness of a treatment by assessing how the risk of an event differs between the two groups.
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The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) serves as the primary classification system for mental health disorders, providing standardized diagnostic criteria for clinicians and researchers. First published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in 1952, the DSM has undergone several revisions to reflect evolving psychiatric understanding. The fifth edition, DSM-5, released in 2013, introduced key updates that expanded diagnostic categories and modified diagnostic...
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The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
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A quantitative multi-parameter mapping protocol standardized for clinical research in multiple sclerosis.

Henri Trang1,2, Tim J Hartung3, Qianlan Chen1

  • 1Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a Cooperation Between Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Geschäftsführung, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.

Scientific Reports
|December 16, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) provides accurate tissue measurements. This study optimized multi-parameter mapping (MPM) for multiple sclerosis (MS) research, suggesting cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) calibration for clinical use.

Keywords:
AgingMulti-parameter mappingMultiple sclerosisNeuroimagingProton densityQuantitative MRI

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Biophysics
  • Medical Physics

Background:

  • Conventional MRI lacks quantitative biophysical meaning.
  • Quantitative MRI (qMRI) maps tissue microstructure in standardized units.
  • Disease-related qMRI changes can be confounded by aging or degeneration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish reference multi-parameter mapping (MPM) values in healthy individuals.
  • To optimize qMRI post-processing for multiple sclerosis (MS) research.
  • To assess the impact of WM abnormalities and age on MPM in MS.

Main Methods:

  • A fast multi-parameter mapping (MPM) protocol at 3T was used for whole-brain quantitative mapping.
  • Maps of magnetization transfer saturation (MT), proton density (PD), R1, and R2* were reconstructed at 1.6 mm isotropic resolution.
  • Post-processing included lesion integration and PD map normalization against cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Main Results:

  • Reference MPM values were reported for white matter (WM), grey matter, and WM hyperintensities in a healthy cohort.
  • WM abnormalities in MS affected PD maps when using WM calibration.
  • Non-linear age effects on MPM were observed, highlighting the need for calibration.

Conclusions:

  • Optimized MPM protocols provide standardized qMRI data for MS research.
  • CSF calibration of PD maps is recommended for future clinical applications in MS.
  • MPM shows potential for characterizing tissue changes in MS and related disorders.