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Estimating wildlife populations using the random encounter model (REM) with camera traps can be unreliable. Violating REM assumptions, especially with non-random camera placement, significantly inflates density estimates for predators and prey.

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Area of Science:

  • Wildlife Ecology
  • Population Dynamics
  • Conservation Biology

Background:

  • Accurate wildlife population estimates are crucial for understanding predator-prey dynamics.
  • Camera trapping is a common method, but estimating populations of unmarked species presents challenges.
  • The random encounter model (REM) is a key analytical approach for unmarked wildlife, but relies on strict assumptions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of violating random encounter model (REM) assumptions on density estimates for unmarked predators and prey.
  • To systematically review the application and adherence to REM requirements in published predator-prey ecology studies.

Main Methods:

  • Empirical analysis of multi-year camera-trap datasets from unmarked predator and prey populations.
  • Systematic literature review of published studies using the random encounter model (REM) in predator-prey research.
  • Evaluation of density estimate volatility resulting from non-random camera placement and borrowed velocity values.

Main Results:

  • Violating REM assumptions, specifically non-random camera placement and using borrowed velocity values, led to volatile density estimates.
  • Strategic camera placement to maximize predator detection resulted in significant inflation of both predator and prey density estimates.
  • A systematic review found that 91% of REM density estimates in predator-prey studies used data or velocity values that did not meet REM requirements.

Conclusions:

  • The random encounter model (REM) is highly sensitive to violations of its core assumptions, particularly concerning camera placement and movement data.
  • Current applications of REM in predator-prey studies frequently fail to meet methodological requirements, compromising estimate reliability.
  • Caution is strongly advised when using random encounter model (REM) density estimates from predator-prey studies for conservation and management decisions.