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Analysis of the Sensitivity and Specificity of Histopathological Findings for Diagnosing Lupus Nephritis
Epitácio Rafael da Luz Neto1,2, Maria Brandão Tavares3, Ana Gabriela de Jesus Torres de Melo1
1Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo 05403-010, SP, Brazil.
Insights
Histopathological features like mesangial proliferation and specific deposits aid in diagnosing lupus nephritis (LN), a key criterion for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study identifies key markers for accurate LN diagnosis in Latin America.
Area of Science:
- Nephrology
- Pathology
- Immunology
Background:
- Renal biopsy is crucial for diagnosing lupus nephritis (LN), a key criterion for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
- Current classification systems lack specific histopathological criteria for LN diagnosis.
- This study addresses the need for defined histological markers in LN diagnosis.
Purpose of the Study:
- To describe histological findings in LN patients.
- To compare these findings with other glomerular diseases.
- To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of histopathological features for LN in a Latin American population.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective cohort study of 731 kidney biopsies from two academic centers.
- Patients categorized into LN and control groups (membranous nephropathy, IgA nephropathy, etc.).
- Sensitivity and specificity analyses performed on various histopathological features.
Main Results:
- Five features strongly correlated with LN: mesangial proliferation, subendothelial deposits, C1q staining ≥1+, dominant IgG, and ≥4 immunofluorescence elements (AUC 0.94).
- These findings were validated in a diverse population.
- Histological features distinguished class V LN from non-lupus membranous nephropathy (AUC 0.85).
Conclusions:
- A combination of mesangial proliferation, subendothelial deposits, C1q staining, dominant IgG, and immunofluorescence elements accurately diagnoses renal involvement in SLE.
- These combined criteria are valuable diagnostic tools, especially when other SLE criteria are insufficient.
- The findings are applicable to a large Latin American population.
Background:
Since the introduction of the SLICC criteria in 2012, biopsy-proven lupus nephritis (LN) has been the only independent diagnostic criterion for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This was reaffirmed by the EULAR/ACR in 2019, emphasizing the importance of renal biopsy in LN. However, the current classification lacks specific histopathological criteria for defining LN. This study describes the histological findings of patients with LN, compares them with those of other glomerular diseases, and evaluates their diagnostic accuracy in a large Latin American population.
Methods:
This retrospective cohort included 731 kidney biopsies from two distinct academic centers. The patients were divided into two groups as follows: a LN group and a control group comprising patients with membranous nephropathy, IgA nephropathy, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, pauci-immune glomerulonephritis, and proliferative glomerulonephritis. Sensitivity and specificity analyses were conducted for various histopathological features.
Results:
We identified the following five features strongly correlated with LN: mesangial proliferation, subendothelial deposits, C1q staining ≥1+, dominant IgG, and ≥4 positive immunofluorescence elements. Combined, these features yielded an area under the ROC curve of 0.94 (95% CI: 0.91-0.95). These results were validated in a diverse population. In membranous nephropathy, histological features such as mesangial deposits, C1q positivity, and ≥4 positive immunofluorescence elements effectively distinguished class V LN from non-lupus membranous nephropathy, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.85 (95% CI: 0.76-0.93).
Conclusions:
The combination of mesangial proliferation, subendothelial deposits, C1q staining ≥1+, dominant IgG, and ≥4 positive immunofluorescence elements offer good accuracy for diagnosing renal involvement in SLE in a large Latin American population. In the absence of pathognomonic features, combined criteria are valuable diagnostic tools, particularly when other SLE criteria are lacking.
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