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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Exploring the Immunoresponse in Bladder Cancer Immunotherapy.

Inmaculada Ruiz-Lorente1, Lourdes Gimeno1,2, Alicia López-Abad3

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Bladder cancer (BC) is a complex disease. This review explores immune cell responses in BC and current immunotherapies, aiming to guide future treatment strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Bladder cancer (BC) presents a broad clinical spectrum, from non-invasive to metastatic stages.
  • BC affects approximately 500,000 individuals and causes 200,000 deaths globally each year.
  • The immunogenicity of BC involves both innate and adaptive immune systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the roles of innate and adaptive immune cells in bladder cancer.
  • To examine current immunotherapies for bladder cancer.
  • To identify potential new therapeutic strategies based on immune responses.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on bladder cancer immunology and immunotherapy.
  • Analysis of immune cell involvement in bladder cancer pathogenesis.
  • Evaluation of existing and emerging immunotherapeutic agents.

Main Results:

  • Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the standard for high-risk non-muscle invasive BC.
  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1) are effective for muscle-invasive and metastatic BC.
  • Understanding immune cell interactions is crucial for treatment optimization.

Conclusions:

  • Immunotherapy has significantly advanced bladder cancer treatment.
  • Further research into immune responses can lead to novel therapeutic options.
  • Targeting immune pathways offers promising avenues for managing bladder cancer.