Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-2α Promotes Liver Fibrosis by Inducing Hepatocellular Death

The activation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF)-1α and 2α in the liver is closely linked to the progression of fatty liver diseases. Prior studies indicated that disrupting hepatocyte HIF-2α attenuates diet-induced hepatic steatosis, subsequently decreasing fibrosis. However, the direct role of hepatocyte HIF-2α in liver fibrosis has not been addressed. Hepatic HIF-2α expression was examined in mouse model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced liver fibrosis. Conditional hepatocyte Hif-2α knockout mice were employed to investigate the role of hepatocyte HIF-2α in fibrosis. Markers of apoptosis, proliferation, inflammation, and fibrosis were assessed through biochemical, molecular, and histological analyses. We found an induction of HIF-2α in CCL₄-injected liver injury and fibrosis mouse models. Hepatocyte-specific deletion of HIF-2α attenuated stellate cell activation and fibrosis, with no significant difference in inflammation. Disrupting hepatocyte HIF-2α led to reduced injury-mediated hepatocellular apoptosis. Surviving hepatocytes exhibited hypertrophy, which was strongly associated with the activation of c-JUN signaling. Our study demonstrates a direct role of hepatocyte HIF-2α in liver fibrosis by promoting hepatocyte apoptosis. The reduction in apoptosis and induction of hepatocyte hypertrophy following HIF-2α disruption is closely linked to enhanced c-JUN signaling, a survival mechanism in response to liver injury. These findings highlight HIF-2α as a potential therapeutic target for liver fibrosis.