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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

3.0K
Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Genomics02:02

Genomics

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2025

Performing Data Mining And Integrative Analysis Of Biomarker in Breast Cancer Using Multiple Publicly Accessible Databases
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The Genomic and Biologic Landscapes of Breast Cancer and Racial Differences.

Sapthala P Loku Galappaththi1,2, Kelly R Smith1,2, Enas S Alsatari1,2

  • 1Department of Pathology, Frederick P. Whiddon College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|December 17, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This review covers breast cancer biology, genomics, and microbiome dysbiosis, highlighting subtypes and racial disparities. It details current diagnostics and treatments for this global health challenge.

Keywords:
breast cancermicrobiomemtDNA mutationsnuclear DNA mutationsracial differences

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Genomics
  • Microbiome Research

Background:

  • Breast cancer is a leading global health concern, particularly for women.
  • Understanding its biology, genomics, and risk factors is vital for public health.
  • Racial differences in breast cancer incidence and outcomes necessitate focused research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of breast cancer biology and genomics.
  • To explore the role of microbial dysbiosis in breast cancer development and progression.
  • To discuss racial disparities, diagnostics, and current treatment modalities.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing current research on breast cancer.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data, risk factors, and classification systems (TNM, Nottingham grading).
  • Exploration of histopathological and molecular subtypes (e.g., IDC, ILC, Luminal A/B, Basal-like, HER2-enriched).

Main Results:

  • Breast cancer classification includes carcinomas (most common) and sarcomas.
  • Key subtypes identified through histopathology and molecular profiling.
  • Emerging evidence links genetic alterations, epigenetic changes, and microbiome dysbiosis to breast cancer, with notable racial differences.

Conclusions:

  • A multidisciplinary approach integrating biology, genomics, and microbiome research is essential for understanding breast cancer.
  • Addressing racial disparities in breast cancer requires further investigation into genetic and environmental factors.
  • Current diagnostics and treatments are continually evolving based on ongoing research findings.