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Related Experiment Videos

Sampling culturable heterotrophs from microcosms: a statistical analysis.

R J Kosinski, F L Singleton, B G Foster

    Applied and Environmental Microbiology
    |November 1, 1979
    PubMed
    Summary
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    To minimize bacterial sampling errors in aquatic microcosms, researchers found that vigorous agitation in numerous small containers significantly reduces variability. This method is more effective than gentle mixing or large, unagitated tanks for accurate bacterial enumeration.

    Area of Science:

    • Microbiology
    • Environmental Science
    • Statistical Analysis

    Background:

    • Accurate enumeration of aquatic bacteria is crucial for ecological studies.
    • Sampling methods can introduce significant errors, affecting experimental reliability.
    • Bacterial clumping at millimeter scales and inter-microcosm variability are known challenges.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To quantify the contributions of different error sources in sampling bacterial microcosms.
    • To evaluate the impact of agitation methods on reducing sampling variability.
    • To determine optimal microcosm sampling strategies for aquatic bacteria.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess error sources.
    • Bacteria were sampled from various microcosm types: agitated (magnetic stirrers, pumps, shakers) and unagitated tanks/bottles.

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  • Axenic cultures of Enterobacter aerogenes were sampled from manually shaken test tubes.

    • Main Results:

    • Significant bacterial clumping at millimeter scales and high inter-microcosm variability were observed in unagitated and gently agitated systems.
    • Gentle mixing (pumps, stirrers) did not reduce variability compared to unagitated microcosms.
    • Vigorous shaking in bottles and test tubes eliminated millimeter-scale clumping and drastically reduced inter-microcosm variability.

    Conclusions:

    • Sampling error in aquatic bacterial enumeration is significantly reduced by using numerous, small, vigorously agitated microcosms.
    • Minimizing subsampling per microcosm is recommended.
    • Vigorous agitation is key to overcoming bacterial clumping and inter-microcosm variability.