Immunogenic cell death-related cancer-associated fibroblast clusters and prognostic risk model in cervical cancer

Cervical cancer (CC) remains a leading cause of female cancer mortality globally. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) influences the tumor microenvironment (TME) and adaptive immune responses. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) within the TME suppress anti-tumor immunity and contribute to CC progression. This study identified three ICD-related CAF clusters linked to patient survival, including IL6+CAF and ILR1+CAF, which were associated with clinical outcomes. Using a nine-gene risk model, patients were stratified into risk groups, with high-risk individuals showing worse survival and correlations with pathways such as hypoxia and TGFβ. The model also predicted immunotherapy responses, highlighting immune infiltration differences across risk groups. These findings provide insights into the role of CAF clusters in CC and present a risk model that supports prognosis prediction and personalized therapy.