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Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

Factors Affecting Solubility

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Hydration of Cement01:24

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Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
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Soundness of Cement01:17

Soundness of Cement

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The soundness of cement refers to the ability of cement paste to retain its volume after setting. Unsound cement can lead to expansion and structural damage due to the presence of free lime, magnesia, and calcium sulfate. Free lime hydrates very slowly, expanding and causing unsoundness, which is difficult to detect because it intercrystallizes with other compounds. Magnesia also reacts with water, forming crystals that can disrupt the cement's structure. Calcium sulfate can create...
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Accelerators01:17

Accelerators

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Accelerators in concrete serve as admixtures to speed up the hardening process, enabling the concrete to achieve early strength faster. Although accelerators do not necessarily impact the time it takes concrete to set, they reduce this time in practice. A common accelerator is calcium chloride, which is particularly useful for hastening early strength development in cold weather or for rapid repair jobs that require quick heat generation after mixing.
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Drying Shrinkage01:21

Drying Shrinkage

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When hardened concrete is exposed to air with a relative humidity of less than 100 percent, it begins to lose the free water within its capillaries. As this water evaporates, the water initially adsorbed onto the calcium silicate hydrates migrates towards these now empty spaces and eventually evaporates as well. Over time, as more water leaves, the volume of the concrete decreases, a phenomenon known as drying shrinkage.
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Alkali Aggregate Reaction in Concrete01:26

Alkali Aggregate Reaction in Concrete

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The alkali-aggregate reaction in concrete involves natural siliceous minerals in aggregates reacting with alkaline hydroxides derived from cement alkalis. This reaction forms an alkali-silica gel that absorbs water, swells, and increases in volume, which is confined by the surrounding cement paste, creating internal pressures that crack and disrupt the concrete. The extent of expansion and damage can be partly attributed to the alkali-silica reaction's osmotic hydraulic pressure and the...
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Mexican Health and Aging Study Biomarker and Genetic Data Profile.

Rafael Samper-Ternent1,2, Jesús Daniel Zazueta-Borboa3, Alejandra Michaels-Obregon4,5

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The Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS) offers extensive biomarker and genetic data for aging research. This longitudinal data is crucial for understanding health and policy needs in Mexico's aging population.

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology and Demography
  • Public Health
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Mexico faces rapid population aging, necessitating robust data for policy development.
  • The Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS) is a key longitudinal survey tracking aging in Latin America.
  • Understanding the health and socioeconomic factors of older adults is vital for public health initiatives.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the profile of biomarker and genetic data available within the MHAS.
  • To detail sample sizes and participant characteristics for biospecimen collection.
  • To highlight recent genetic data offerings for advanced aging research.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal survey design with six waves over 20 years.
  • Collection of sociodemographic, economic, and health data from a representative sample of adults 50+.
  • Acquisition of anthropometric, capillary and venous blood, saliva, and hair samples for biomarker and genetic analyses.

Main Results:

  • Significant sample sizes for anthropometric (up to 2,707), blood-based biomarkers (up to 2,003), and genetic data (up to 7,204 genome-wide).
  • Extensive genetic data includes genome-wide (7,204), apolipoprotein-E genotype (8,600), and genetic ancestry (7,156).
  • Diverse biospecimen collection across multiple waves provides a rich resource for aging research.

Conclusions:

  • The MHAS provides a unique and comprehensive dataset for studying aging in a low-middle-income country context.
  • The availability of extensive biomarker and genetic data enhances research opportunities on health, function, and mortality in older Mexican adults.
  • MHAS data is critical for informing public policies to address the challenges of population aging in Mexico.