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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 24, 2026

Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development
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Initial regional cytoarchitectonic differences in dorsal and orbitobasal human developing frontal cortex revealed by

Janja Kopić1, Parthiv Haldipur2, Kathleen J Millen2

  • 1School of Medicine, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.

Brain Structure & Function
|December 18, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Early human brain development reveals distinct frontal lobe features. Gene expression analysis at 15 post-conceptional weeks shows regional differences, confirming early prefrontal cortex patterning for complex brain architecture.

Keywords:
Frontal cortexHuman fetal brainRegional cytoarchitectonicsSpatial transcriptomics

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Human fetal cerebral cortex development involves complex, underexplored molecular processes.
  • Early fetal development establishes neuronal identity, genetic programming, and histogenetic events.
  • Previous work identified unique frontal lobe cytoarchitectonic features like migratory waves and a "double plate" structure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate unique frontal lobe cytoarchitectonic features at the transcriptomic level while preserving spatial information.
  • To examine gene expression differences in transient cortical compartments of the dorsal and ventral frontal lobe at 15 post-conceptional weeks.
  • To understand early regional patterning and specification of the human prefrontal cortex.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized NanoString GeoMx™ Digital Spatial Profiler (DSP) technology.
  • Analyzed gene expression in transient cortical compartments of dorsal and orbitobasal frontal lobe regions.
  • Focused on the critical 15 post-conceptional weeks period for subplate formation.

Main Results:

  • Identified significant gene expression differences between dorsal and orbitobasal transient cortical compartments.
  • Confirmed that neurons in identified cytoarchitectonic features express deep projection neuron (DPN) markers (TBR1, TLE4, SOX5).
  • Highlighted distinct molecular profiles in developing dorsal and ventral frontal lobe regions.

Conclusions:

  • Early fetal development demonstrates regional patterning and specification of the prospective higher-order association prefrontal cortex.
  • These findings contribute to understanding the highly organized cortical architecture of the human brain.
  • The study provides novel transcriptomic insights into early human frontal lobe development.