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Related Concept Videos

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

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Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

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Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
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Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management01:28

Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management

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Esophageal varices often manifest as gastrointestinal bleeding episodes, presenting symptoms like hematemesis (vomiting of blood), hematochezia (passing fresh blood via the rectum), and melena (black, tarry stools). Other signs can include weight loss, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, jaundice, pruritus, altered mental status, and muscle cramps.
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Gastritis III: Clinical Manifestations and Management01:23

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The clinical manifestations of gastritis can vary depending on the cause and type of gastritis, but some common symptoms may include the following.
Clinical manifestations of acute gastritis
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Hepatic Drug Excretion: Enterohepatic Cycling01:17

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Enterohepatic cycling involves the active secretion of drugs and their metabolites into the bile via transporters in the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes. This secretion is an integral part of the digestive process, releasing these substances into the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
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Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets01:17

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Transmission-based precautions are for patients known to be infected or suspected to be infected or colonized with organisms that pose a significant risk to others. Some transmission-based precautions include contact, enteric, and droplet.
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Challenges and global trends in combating enteric hepatitis.

Mariana Alves Elois1,2,3, Henrique Borges da Silva Grisard1, David Rodríguez-Lázaro2,3

  • 1Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil.

The Journal of General Virology
|December 18, 2024
PubMed
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Hepatitis A (HAV) and E (HEV) pose global health risks due to limited understanding and diagnostics. Research is advancing to improve detection and address environmental factors impacting enteric hepatitis spread.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • * Virology and Public Health: Focuses on enteric hepatitis viruses (HAV, HEV).
  • * Infectious Disease Epidemiology: Investigates transmission dynamics and prevalence.
  • * Environmental Health: Examines climate and environmental impacts on disease spread.

Background:

  • * Enteric hepatitis, caused by Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) and Hepatitis E Virus (HEV), is a significant global health issue.
  • * Incomplete understanding of HAV and HEV biology and pathophysiology hinders effective control.
  • * Challenges include lack of reliable replication systems and standardized diagnostic tests, leading to underestimated prevalence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To review emergent research challenges and trends in enteric hepatitis.
  • * To highlight the need for improved diagnostic tools for HAV and HEV.
  • * To explore the influence of zoonotic transmission and environmental/climate changes on disease dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • * Literature review of current research on enteric hepatitis (HAV and HEV).
  • * Analysis of factors influencing disease spread, including climate change and globalization.
  • * Identification of research gaps in diagnostics, virus replication, and transmission.

Main Results:

  • * Significant knowledge gaps persist regarding HAV and HEV replication and pathogenesis.
  • * Current diagnostic methods are not universally accessible or standardized, impacting prevalence data.
  • * Climate change, environmental shifts, and increased mobility exacerbate HAV and HEV transmission.

Conclusions:

  • * Developing more efficient diagnostic tools for HAV and HEV is crucial.
  • * Understanding zoonotic transmission and the impact of environmental changes is essential for control.
  • * Collaborative, interdisciplinary efforts are required to combat enteric hepatitis effectively.