[Research progress on ferroptosis regulation in tumor immunity of hepatocellular carcinoma]

Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death, which is dependent on iron metabolism imbalance and characterized by lipid peroxidation. Ferroptosis plays a crucial role in various pathological processes. Studies have shown that the occurrence of ferroptosis is closely associated with the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Ferroptosis is involved in regulating the lipid metabolism, iron homeostasis, mitochondrial metabolism, and redox processes in HCC. Additionally, ferroptosis plays a key role in HCC tumor immunity by modulating the phenotype and function of various immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, affecting tumor immune escape and progression. Ferroptosis-induced lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress can promote the polarization of M1 macrophages and enhance the pro-inflammatory response in tumors, inhibiting immune suppressive cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells to disrupt their immune suppression function. The regulation of expression of ferroptosis-related molecules such as GPX4 and SLC7A11 not only affects the sensitivity of tumor cells to immunotherapy but also directly influences the activity and survival of effector cells such as T cells and dendritic cells, further enhancing or weakening host antitumor immune response. Targeting ferroptosis has demonstrated significant clinical potential in HCC treatment. Induction of ferroptosis by nanomedicines and molecular targeting strategies can directly kill tumor cells or enhance antitumor immune responses. The integration of multimodal therapies with immunotherapy further expands the application of ferroptosis targeting as a cancer therapy. This article reviews the relationship between ferroptosis and antitumor immune responses and the role of ferroptosis in HCC progression from the perspective of tumor immune microenvironment, to provide insights for the development of antitumor immune therapies targeting ferroptosis.