Reduction of nicotine content in tobacco through microbial degradation: research progress and potential applications

Originally native to South America, tobacco and is now distributed worldwide as a major cash crop. Nicotine is the main harmful component of tobacco leaves, cigarette smoke and tobacco waste, which severely affects not only the flavor of the tobacco leaf, but also causes great damage to human health. As the anti-smoking movement continued to grow since the 1950s, and consumers become more aware of their health and environmental protection, the world tobacco industry has been committed to research, develop and produce low nicotine cigarette products with relatively low risk to human health. Among various approaches, the use of microorganisms to reduce nicotine content and improve tobacco quality has become one of the most promising methods. Due to increasing interest in nicotine-degrading microorganisms (NDMs), this article reviews recent reports on NDMs, nicotine-degrading enzymes, regulation of nicotine-degrading bacterial consortia and optimization of fermentation conditions, aiming to provide updated references for the in-depth research and application of microorganisms for the degradation of nicotine.