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Related Concept Videos

Self-Schemas02:16

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In general, a schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.
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The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison02:57

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According to Charles Cooley, we base our image on what we think other people see (Cooley 1902). We imagine how we must appear to others, then react to this speculation. We don certain clothes, prepare our hair in a particular manner, wear makeup, use cologne, and the like—all with the notion that our presentation of ourselves is going to affect how others perceive us. We expect a certain reaction, and, if lucky, we get the one we desire and feel good about it. But more than that, Cooley...
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Self-Discrepancy Theory02:45

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Dissociative Identity Disorder01:30

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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), previously termed multiple personality disorder, is a complex psychological condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states. Each identity exhibits unique patterns of behavior, voice, and mannerisms and may possess separate memories and emotional responses. The alternating control between identities can result in memory gaps and challenges in recalling daily activities, often exacerbating the individual's...
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Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2025

Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation
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Multiple sclerosis and self-alienation: a study based on self and others representations.

Leila Ziaie1, Mohammad Ali Mazaheri1, Abbas Zabihzadeh2

  • 1Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education & Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, District 1, Evin, Daneshjou Boulevard, Tehran, 198396411, Iran.

BMC Psychology
|December 19, 2024
PubMed
Summary

People with multiple sclerosis (MS) maintain greater interpersonal distance from their current selves and partners, suggesting a sense of self-alienation. This finding highlights the need for enhanced support systems in MS care.

Keywords:
Comfortable Interpersonal Distance (CID)Mental representationsMultiple sclerosis (MS)OthersSelf

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Social Cognition

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system autoimmune disease impacting patients' lives and mental representations.
  • Limited research exists on the self- and other- mental representations of individuals with MS.
  • Adapting to MS involves renegotiating personal and social relationships.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and compare the mental representations of people with MS (PWMS) and healthy controls (HC).
  • To examine self- and other- mental representations, including childhood and current self-images, and perceptions of mothers, partners, and friends.
  • To assess interpersonal distance preferences as an indicator of mental representations.

Main Methods:

  • A modified comfortable interpersonal distance (CID) task was administered to 82 PWMS and 82 HC.
  • Participants completed the CID task in active and passive modes, approaching or being approached by protagonists.
  • Demographic variables and interpersonal distance estimations at points of discomfort were recorded.

Main Results:

  • PWMS preferred significantly larger interpersonal distances for their current self-image compared to HC.
  • PWMS also preferred significantly larger interpersonal distances from their love partners compared to HC.
  • No significant differences in interpersonal distance preferences were found between PWMS and HC for childhood self-image, mothers, or friends.

Conclusions:

  • PWMS exhibit a form of alienation in their self-mental representations.
  • Findings suggest altered social cognition and interpersonal boundary adjustments in individuals with MS.
  • This research can inform the development of targeted interventions and support systems for MS patients.