Leveraging biomimetic synthesis strategy for next-generation dendritic cell nanovaccines

The activation of CD8⁺ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) plays the central role in cancer immunotherapy, which depends on the efficient recognition of peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) by the T cell receptor (TCR) for the first signal, and B7-CD28 co-stimulating for the second signal. To achieve the potent immune stimulatory effect, a genetically engineered cellular membrane nanovesicles platform that integrates antigen self-presentation and immunosuppression reversal (ASPIRE) for cancer immunotherapy was designed. In preclinical mouse models, ASPIRE could markedly improve antigen delivery to lymphoid organs and generate broad-spectrum T-cell responses that eliminate established tumors. This review highlights that the ASPIRE system represents a novel strategy for personalized cancer immunotherapy.