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From Virtual Reality to Reality: Fine-Tuning the Taxonomy for Extended Reality Simulation in Dental Education.

Carlos M Serrano1, María J Atenas1, Patricio J Rodriguez1

  • 1Digital Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

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Summary

This review proposes a uniform taxonomy for extended reality (XR) simulation in dental education. It clarifies definitions for virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR) to improve research consistency.

Keywords:
augmented realitydental educationextended realityhapticsmixed realityvirtual reality

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Area of Science:

  • Dental Education Technology
  • Medical Simulation
  • Extended Reality (XR)

Background:

  • Digital simulation is increasingly vital in dental education, accelerated by global events and sustainability goals.
  • Extended Reality (XR) simulation offers enhanced or alternative training methods to traditional dental education.
  • A need exists for standardized terminology and classification of XR simulation in dentistry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a uniform taxonomy for Extended Reality (XR) simulation within dental education.
  • To address the inconsistent definitions and classifications of XR technologies in existing literature.
  • To provide clear operational definitions for XR categories in the virtuality continuum.

Main Methods:

  • A scoping review following PRISMA and PRISMA-ScR guidelines was conducted.
  • Searches were performed across major databases including PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar.
  • Eligible studies focused on digital simulation in dental/maxillofacial education using XR or immersive training tools (ITT).

Main Results:

  • 141 articles published between 2004 and 2024 were analyzed and categorized into Virtual Reality (VR), Mixed Reality (MR), Augmented Reality (AR), Augmented Virtuality (AV), and Computer Simulation (CS).
  • Key recurring features across XR simulations in dentistry included stereoscopic vision, immersion, interaction, modification, and haptic feedback.
  • These identified features formed the foundation for the proposed XR-simulation taxonomy.

Conclusions:

  • Despite consistent XR-simulation features, varied definitions hindered taxonomy development, with Virtual Reality (VR) often used broadly.
  • Operational definitions for XR categories were proposed to clarify distinctions and commonalities within the virtuality continuum.
  • A uniform taxonomy is crucial for dental and medical education to standardize XR research, reporting, and evidence analysis.