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The Micturition Reflex01:26

The Micturition Reflex

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Urination, or micturition involves the coordination of the bladder's detrusor muscle and two sphincters to ensure controlled bladder emptying.
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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease I: Meaning and Pathophysiology01:29

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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) involves the recurrent backflow of the stomach or duodenal contents into the esophagus, leading to troublesome symptoms and potential esophageal mucosal damage. Although GERD is often referred to as a disease, it is more accurately described as a syndrome, as it encompasses a range of symptoms and complications rather than a singular pathological entity, impacting a large number of individuals as the most prevalent upper gastrointestinal problem. Roughly...
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Urinary Bladder01:23

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The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
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Disorders of the Urinary System01:20

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The urinary system is responsible for eliminating waste and excess fluids from the body. However, disorders of the urinary system can arise due to various reasons like infections, stress, age, congenital abnormalities, and lifestyle.
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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease II: Clinical Features and Management01:29

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Gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, is a persistent medical condition that affects many individuals worldwide. Its clinical manifestations can vary greatly, making diagnosis and management challenging for healthcare professionals. The following is a comprehensive overview of the clinical manifestations, assessment, and management strategies for GERD.
Clinical Manifestations
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Esophageal Varices-I: Introduction01:24

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Esophageal varices are dilated, tortuous veins which are found mainly in the submucosa of the lower esophagus but which may also appear higher up or extend into the stomach. They develop due to increased pressure in the portal venous system, often as a result of liver cirrhosis. This condition scars and damages the liver, impeding normal blood flow through the portal vein. To compensate, blood seeks alternative pathways, forming fragile new vessels (varices) in the esophagus and stomach. These...
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Updated: Jun 14, 2025

Combined Supine and Standing Imaging for Varicocele: An Improved Diagnostic Approach
04:15

Combined Supine and Standing Imaging for Varicocele: An Improved Diagnostic Approach

Published on: November 22, 2024

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Vesicovaginal Reflux: A Masquerader.

Sumedha Arora1, Anupama Bais Solanki2, Divya Singh3

  • 1Nijjar Scans and Diagnostic Pvt Ltd, Amritsar, India.

Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : JCU
|December 19, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vesicovaginal reflux (VVR) is a common condition in women causing urine leakage. Early recognition prevents misdiagnosis and unnecessary procedures, with treatment focusing on behavioral changes and weight loss.

Keywords:
hydrocolposultrasoundurocolposvesicovaginal reflux

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Gynecology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Vesicovaginal reflux (VVR) is a functional disorder affecting women, potentially causing incontinence.
  • It is frequently linked to high BMI and irregular voiding habits.
  • VVR can be misdiagnosed as fistulas or hydrocolpos, necessitating surgical intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of recognizing vesicovaginal reflux.
  • To differentiate VVR from conditions requiring surgery.
  • To guide appropriate diagnostic and management strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical observation of patients with VVR symptoms.
  • Transabdominal sonography of the pelvis with a full bladder.
  • Post-voiding sonographic reassessment.

Main Results:

  • Vesicovaginal reflux presents as urine refluxing from the bladder into the vagina during micturition.
  • Sonography typically shows an anechoic fluid collection in the vagina (urocolpos) with a full bladder.
  • This collection usually reduces or disappears after complete voiding.

Conclusions:

  • Awareness of VVR and its association with specific body types is crucial for accurate diagnosis.
  • Proper identification prevents unnecessary imaging and patient anxiety.
  • Treatment involves behavioral modification and weight loss.