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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

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The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
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Classification of Bones01:18

Classification of Bones

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The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
Long and Short Bones
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2025

Adjustable Stiffness, External Fixator for the Rat Femur Osteotomy and Segmental Bone Defect Models
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Sagittal Split Ramus Osteotomy Without Segmental Fixation in Skeletal Class II.

Shun Narahara1, Rena Shido2, Takamitsu Koga3

  • 1Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Showa University School of Dentistry, 2-1-1 Kitasenzoku, Ota-ku, Tokyo.

The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery
|December 19, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Non-segmental fixation sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO) with physiological positioning strategy (PPS) shows promise for skeletal class II malocclusion. This technique offers skeletal stability with minimal temporomandibular joint (TMJ) symptoms post-surgery.

Keywords:
Non-fixationphysiological positioning strategysagittal split ramus osteotomyskeletal class IItemporomandibular joint

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Area of Science:

  • Orthognathic Surgery
  • Craniofacial Surgery
  • Orthodontics

Background:

  • Non-segmental fixation (non-fix) sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO) with physiological positioning strategy (PPS) has shown success in skeletal class III patients.
  • The efficacy of this modified approach in skeletal class II malocclusion requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the applicability and outcomes of non-fix SSRO with modified PPS in skeletal class II patients with mandibular retrognathia.
  • To assess skeletal and dental stability, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) symptoms following the procedure.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective study of skeletal class II patients undergoing non-fix SSRO.
  • Jaw exercise initiated within 10 days post-surgery.
  • Cephalometric analysis at three time points: pre-surgery (T1), immediately post-surgery (T2), and >6 months post-surgery (T3).

Main Results:

  • Mean mandibular advancement was 6.8±1.8 mm, with a 60.5% relapse in the mandibular plane angle.
  • The Menton advanced 6.3 mm from T1 to T2 and relapsed by 4.6 mm at T3.
  • Only 8.3% of patients experienced postoperative TMJ symptoms.

Conclusions:

  • Non-fix SSRO with modified PPS appears to be a suitable surgical method for skeletal class II malocclusion.
  • Further research with larger sample sizes is needed to analyze the impact of intermaxillary traction on long-term skeletal stability.