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Gout: global epidemiology, risk factors, comorbidities and complications: a narrative review
Kimia Motlagh Asghari1,2, Mahdi Zahmatyar3, Fatemeh Seyedi4
1Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Insights
Gout, a common inflammatory arthritis, is increasing globally and linked to hyperuricemia and other factors. Understanding its epidemiology, risks, and complications is crucial for prevention and management.
Area of Science:
- Rheumatology
- Epidemiology
- Public Health
Background:
- Gout is a prevalent inflammatory arthritis with numerous established risk factors including hyperuricemia, genetics, lifestyle, and comorbidities.
- Patients with gout face elevated risks of mortality from cardiovascular disease, cancer, and infections, alongside complications like nephrolithiasis.
- This review addresses the global epidemiology, trends, risk factors, and complications of gout.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide a comprehensive overview of gout's global epidemiology and trends.
- To detail the established and emerging risk factors associated with gout development.
- To outline the known complications and comorbidities of gout for improved patient management.
Main Methods:
- A narrative review methodology was employed.
- Extensive literature searches were conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar up to June 15, 2024.
- Studies focusing on risk factors, comorbidities, complications, and epidemiological characteristics of gout were included.
Main Results:
- Gout prevalence is increasing globally, particularly in developed nations, and is more common in males.
- Hyperuricemia is a primary driver, with genetic, medication, and dietary factors contributing to gout's rising incidence.
- Gout is associated with significant comorbidities and complications, with new ones being identified.
Conclusions:
- This review offers valuable insights for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of gout.
- Understanding gout's multifaceted nature is essential for effective clinical practice and public health strategies.
Background:
Gout is one of the oldest known diseases and the most common form of inflammatory arthritis. The established risk factors for gout include hyperuricemia, chronic renal disease, genetic, alcohol consumption, dietary factors, diuretic use, hypertension, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Patients with gout have an increased risk of all-cause mortality, particularly from cardiovascular disease, cancer, and infectious diseases. Gout is also associated with several complications, such as nephrolithiasis. This literature review describes the global epidemiology and trends associated with gout, before providing an overview of its risk factors and complications.
Methods:
This research used the narrative review method. Thorough searches were performed in PubMed and Google scholar, up to June 15, 2024, for articles that evaluated the risk factors, comorbidities or complications associated with gout. Moreover, we also included studies that reported the epidemiological characteristics or burden of gout at the global, regional, or national level.
Results:
Gout is more prevalent in developed countries, than in developing countries, although its prevalence is increasing globally. In addition, gout is much more prevalent among males than among females. Hyperuricemia has the largest role in the development of gout, although many risk factors contribute to the increasing prevalence of gout, including genes, several medications, and diet. Gout is associated with several comorbidities and complications, which need to be taken into consideration when managing gout. In recent years, gout has been found to be associated with several new comorbidities.
Conclusions:
Our findings provide a comprehensive and informative overview that can be useful for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of gout.
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