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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction01:17

Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction

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Chronic bowel diseases are a group of long-term conditions affecting the digestive tract, characterized by inflammation and damage to the gut lining. These conditions primarily include irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder affecting the gastrointestinal tract. The distinctive feature is recurrent abdominal pain associated with altered bowel movements, manifesting as constipation, diarrhea, or fluctuating between both. The...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis01:27

Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis

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Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD, encompasses a group of disorders characterized by chronic inflammation or ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract.
Risk Factors
The exact cause of IBD remains unclear, although it is believed to be due to a mix of genetic, environmental, microbial, and immune factors. Genetic factors are significant in determining susceptibility to IBD, with family history being a critical risk factor. Individuals with a first-degree relative who has IBD are at...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease01:30

Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease

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Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, commonly known as IBD, refers to a collection of disorders that lead to persistent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The two types of IBD are ulcerative colitis, which impacts the colon, and Crohn's disease, which can involve any part of the gastrointestinal segment.
Crohn's disease
Crohn's disease is a chronic, systemic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that predominantly affects the gastrointestinal tract. It is marked by...
183
Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Diagnostic Studies and Management I-Nutritional Therapy01:30

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Diagnostic Studies and Management I-Nutritional Therapy

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Various diagnostic tests are employed in the diagnostic process for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), particularly to differentiate between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
Diagnostic studies
A colonoscopy is the definitive screening test, distinguishing ulcerative colitis from other colon diseases with similar symptoms. During a colonoscopy test, inflamed mucosa with exudate ulcerations can be observed, and biopsies are taken to determine the histologic characteristics of the...
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Anatomy of the Intestines01:23

Anatomy of the Intestines

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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
Small Intestines
The small intestine is an ~7 meter-long tube with an inner diameter of just 2.5 cm. Since most nutrients are absorbed here, the inner lining of the...
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome I: Introduction01:17

Irritable Bowel Syndrome I: Introduction

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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is characterized by functional disturbances in the gastrointestinal system, presenting a cluster of symptoms without evident structural or biochemical abnormalities. It primarily affects the large intestine and may cause abdominal pain, bloating, excessive gas, diarrhea, constipation, or both.
IBS is a chronic condition that can persist over a long period or recur frequently.
The pathogenesis of IBS involves a complex interplay of the following factors:
Altered...
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Chronic Salmonella Infection Induced Intestinal Fibrosis
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The Intestine in Acute and Long COVID: Pathophysiological Insights and Key Lessons.

Andreas Zollner1, Moritz Meyer1, Almina Jukic1

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.

The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
|December 20, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Long COVID, or Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection, may be significantly influenced by the gut microbiome and gut-brain axis. Further research is needed to understand these complex interactions for better diagnosis and treatment.

Keywords:
Autonomic nervous system dysfunctionCOVID-19 pathophysiologyChronic inflammationDiagnostic biomarkersDysbiosisGastrointestinal symptomsGut microbiomeGut-brain axisImmune dysregulationLong COVIDMicrovascular damageNeuropsychiatric symptomsPersonalized medicinePost COVIDPost-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (PASC)SARS-CoV-2 antigen persistence

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), or Long COVID, presents diverse symptoms impacting multiple organ systems.
  • The gut-brain axis is increasingly implicated in the complex pathophysiology of Long COVID.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review emerging evidence on the role of the gut microbiome and gut-brain axis in Long COVID.
  • To explore potential mechanisms linking gastrointestinal factors to Long COVID symptoms.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current research on Long COVID and the gut.
  • Synthesis of findings related to gut microbiome, barrier integrity, and SARS-CoV-2 antigen persistence.

Main Results:

  • Changes in gut microbiome, disrupted gut barrier, and persistent SARS-CoV-2 antigens may contribute to Long COVID symptoms.
  • Long COVID involves immune dysregulation, microvascular damage, and autonomic dysfunction, with the gut playing a central role.

Conclusions:

  • The gut plays a critical role in the multifactorial nature of Long COVID.
  • Current evidence is inconclusive, highlighting the need for longitudinal studies and personalized approaches for diagnosis and treatment.