Utilizing machine learning-based QSAR model to overcome standalone consensus docking limitation in beta-lactamase...

In virtual drug screening, consensus docking is a standard in-silico approach consisting of a combined result from optimized docking experiments, a minimum of two results combination. Therefore, consensus docking is subjected to a lower success rate than the best docking method due to its mathematical nature, an unavoidable limitation. This study aims to overcome this drawback via random forest, an ensemble machine learning model. First, in vitro beta-lactamase inhibitory screening was performed using an in-house chemical library. The in vitro results were later used as a validation. Consequently, we optimized docking protocols for AutoDock Vina and DOCK6 programs. With an appropriate scoring function, we found that DOCK6 could identify up to 70% of all active molecules, double the inappropriate. Further consensus analysis reduced the success rate to 50%. Simultaneously, a false positive rate was down to 16%, which was experimentally favorable for a drug search. Finally, we trained two quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models using logistic regression as a reference model and a random forest as a test model. After combining consensus docking results, random forest-based QSAR outperformed a logistic regression by restoring the success rate to 70% and maintaining a low false positive rate of around 21%. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the benefit of using a random forest (machine learning)-based QSAR model to overcome a standard consensus docking limitation in beta-lactamase inhibitor search as a proof-of-concept.