Definitions, etiopathogenesis and epidemiology of ALF

Acute liver failure (ALF) is a rare but preventable cause of acute hepatic dysfunction which is associated with significant mortality, unless treated appropriately. There are significant regional variations in the etiologies of ALF globally and this determines the outcomes of the disease as well as the long-term survival in patients receiving liver transplantation for management. Improvements in understanding of disease pathophysiology and critical care medicine have led to better outcomes over the last few decades. Despite this, the burden of indeterminate ALF and the pathogenesis of many etiological agents are yet to be fully known. Improvements in diagnostic and prognostic modalities are expected to decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with ALF. Changes in vaccination programs and stronger legislative practices regarding over-the-counter sale of acetaminophen and non-proprietary drugs are expected to reduce the burden of disease globally.