Impact of offshore energy activities on trace elements content and mobility in marine sediments

The offshore oilfields in the North Sea area are increasingly employed for projects beyond oil production, like carbon capture and storage (CCS). Still, the fossil fuel production from mature fields is significant. It has raised environmental concerns associated with discharging produced waters (PW) and drilling mud into the sea. These discharges, which may be highly saline and contain production chemicals, vary significantly in metals and particulate content. Due to density and release depth, the plume is assumed to sink towards the seafloor. Also, a single oilfield can input up to 7.5 tons of Ba, 675 kg of Fe, and 619 kg of P into the water column through PW. Therefore, this study investigates the impact of these discharges on seafloor sediments around two Danish oilfields, assesses the mobility of metals within these sediments, and evaluates the environmental status. PW samples were collected at the discharge outlets from the platforms. Sediment cores were taken near the two oil platforms and from control sites. Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and an optimized BCR sequential extraction, we analyzed the composition and distribution of 24 elements in sediment samples. The results revealed significant differences in total extracted concentrations between sediments near the platforms and those from distant locations and stratigraphically older samples, with relevant levels of Br, Ba, and Sn near the platforms (averaged 14, 27, and 0.1 ppb, respectively). Sediment quality indices showed considerable enrichment and geo-accumulation of toxic metals, particularly at one of the platform sites. However, cumulative indices did not display significant pollution anomalies. Therefore, our findings suggest that oil extraction activities may increase the availability of toxic metals in nearby sediments, potentially impacting marine ecosystems.