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GLP-1 and Its Analogs: Does Sex Matter?
Stina Börchers1, Karolina P Skibicka1,2,3
1Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden.
Endocrinology
|December 23, 2024
Summary
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogs show promise for obesity and diabetes. While few qualitative sex differences exist, quantitative differences and estrogen interactions are noted, with a need for more research in women.
Area of Science:
- Endocrinology
- Pharmacology
- Metabolic Diseases
Background:
- Obesity and diabetes exhibit sex-specific differences.
- Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogs are a promising therapeutic class for these conditions.
- Understanding sex differences in GLP-1 action is crucial.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review sex differences in the endogenous and therapeutic actions of GLP-1 and its analogs.
- To highlight preclinical and clinical evidence regarding these differences.
- To examine the role of GLP-1 analogs in mood and reproductive function, considering sex disparities.
Main Methods:
- Review of human studies and animal research on sex differences in GLP-1.
- Analysis of preclinical data on mechanisms of sex differences in the GLP-1 system.
- Discussion of clinical evidence on GLP-1 analog effects in obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
Main Results:
- Limited qualitative sex differences were found in the therapeutic effects of approved GLP-1 analogs.
- Quantitative sex differences in response to GLP-1 analogs and interactions with estrogens are emerging.
- Significant data gaps exist regarding GLP-1 science in female models and women.
Conclusions:
- While GLP-1 analogs show efficacy, quantitative sex differences and estrogen interactions warrant further investigation.
- There is an urgent need for more research, particularly in female populations, to address existing data gaps.
- Future research should focus on sex-specific responses to GLP-1-based therapies.
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