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Protein Modifications in the RER

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Modification of secretory and transmembrane proteins entering the rough ER begins in the ER lumen. These modifications aid in protein folding and stabilize the acquired tertiary structure. Protein modifications in the rough ER co-occur at different stages of protein folding.
Broadly, these modifications can be categorized into four main categories — glycosylation, formation of disulfide bonds, assembly of protein subunits, and specific proteolytic cleavages like removal of signal...

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After folding, the ER assesses the quality of secretory and membrane proteins. The correctly folded proteins are cleared by the calnexin cycle for transport to their final destination, while misfolded proteins are held back in the ER lumen. The ER chaperones attempt to unfold and refold the misfolded proteins but sometimes fail to achieve the correct native conformation. Such terminally misfolded proteins are then exported to the cytosol by ER-associated degradation or ERAD pathway for...

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Ergothioneine biosynthesis: The present state and future prospect.

Li Liang¹, Xu Shan-Shan¹, Jiang Yan-Jun¹

¹School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China.

Synthetic and Systems Biotechnology

|December 24, 2024

Summary

Ergothioneine (ERG), a potent antioxidant, is increasingly produced using synthetic biology in engineered microbes like E. coli. This review details methods and challenges for efficient ergothioneine production.

Keywords:

Chassis microbes Ergothioneine Fermentation Metabolic engineering Recombinant microorganism Synthetic biology

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Area of Science:

Biotechnology and Synthetic Biology
Biochemistry
Microbiology

Background:

Ergothioneine (ERG) is a natural antioxidant with broad applications in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.
Traditional ERG bioproduction relies on mushroom fermentation.
Synthetic biology offers engineered microbial hosts (e.g., E. coli, S. cerevisiae, C. glutamicum) for ERG production.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the physiological effects and safety of ergothioneine.
To evaluate advancements in microbial ERG production using synthetic biology.
To identify challenges and strategies for enhancing ERG yield.

Main Methods:

Literature analysis of ergothioneine synthesis pathways.
Assessment of metabolic engineering strategies in microbial hosts.
Review of synthetic biology tools for pathway regulation.

Main Results:

Engineered microbial hosts show promise for ERG production.
Metabolic flux regulation is key to efficient ergothioneine synthesis.
Diverse synthetic biology tools are being applied to optimize ERG yield.

Conclusions:

Synthetic biology provides powerful tools for improving ergothioneine production.
Addressing metabolic challenges is crucial for efficient microbial ERG bioproduction.
Further research can enhance ERG yield through advanced synthetic biology strategies.