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Updated: May 8, 2025

Monitoring the Cancer-Immunity Cycle and Exploring Tumor Microenvironment Dynamics
Published on: June 7, 2024
CD8+ T cell exhaustion in the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer
Hanghang Xie1, Xiaowei Xi2, Ting Lei1
1Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Affiliated People's Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, China.
Abstract:
CD8+ T cells are crucial cytotoxic components of the tumor immune system. In chronic inflammation, they become low-responsive, a state known as T cell exhaustion (TEX). The aim of immune checkpoint blockade is to counteract TEX, yet its dynamics in breast cancer remain poorly understood. This review defines CD8+ TEX and outlines its features and underlying mechanisms. It also discusses the primary mechanisms of CD8+ TEX in breast cancer, covering inhibitory receptors, immunosuppressive cells, cytokines, transcriptomic and epigenetic alterations, metabolic reprogramming, and exosome pathways, offering insights into potential immunotherapy strategies for breast cancer.
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