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This study introduces a quantum electrodynamics (QED) model for high-harmonic generation (HHG), revealing quantum effects like entanglement and predicting a minimum structure in HHG yield. This advances quantum spectroscopy and theoretical frameworks.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Optics
  • Nonlinear Optics
  • Quantum Electrodynamics (QED)

Background:

  • High-harmonic generation (HHG) is traditionally explained by classical electromagnetic fields.
  • Recent research suggests quantum-optical effects, like entanglement, are present in HHG.
  • A unifying quantum electrodynamics (QED) framework for HHG is currently lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a numerically accurate QED model for high-harmonic generation.
  • To explore quantum effects and phenomena in HHG.
  • To establish a roadmap for a universal QED-HHG formalism.

Main Methods:

  • Formulated a QED model using methods from cavity polaritonics.
  • The model consists of a single active electron and a single quantized photon mode.
  • Extended the framework for potential use in ab initio codes for realistic systems.

Main Results:

  • Predicted a characteristic minimum structure in HHG yield versus phase-squeezing.
  • This phenomenon can be utilized for novel ultrafast quantum spectroscopies.
  • Found that multitrajectory Ehrenfest dynamics partially captures the phenomenon, highlighting limitations and the presence of entanglement.

Conclusions:

  • The developed QED model provides a pathway for understanding and advancing quantum applications in HHG.
  • The findings motivate the use of multitrajectory approaches while acknowledging their limitations.
  • This work facilitates benchmarking approximate theories and measuring quantum effects like entanglement and entropy in HHG.