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Related Concept Videos

Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

Fractures: Bone Repair

Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the procedure...
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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Surgical Retrieval, Isolation and In vitro Expansion of Human Anterior Cruciate Ligament-derived Cells for Tissue Engineering Applications
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Examining Changes in Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction Surgery Patterns Among Professional Baseball Players.

Thomas Almonroeder1, Margaret T Jones2,3, Jennifer B Fields2,4

  • 1Department of Physical Therapy, Trine University, Angola, Indiana.

Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine : Official Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine
|December 24, 2024
PubMed
Summary

The number of elbow ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction (UCLR) surgeries has increased over 50 years in professional baseball. More UCLR surgeries are performed annually in Minor League Baseball (MiLB) than Major League Baseball (MLB).

Keywords:
Tommy John Surgeryarm injuriesathletesoverhead throwingpitchers

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • The ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) is crucial for elbow stability in baseball pitchers.
  • Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction (UCLR) is a common surgical procedure for baseball players experiencing elbow injuries.
  • Understanding trends in UCLR is vital for injury prevention and management in professional baseball.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the trends in elbow ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction (UCLR) surgeries among professional baseball players.
  • To identify significant changes in the annual number of UCLR procedures over the past five decades.
  • To compare UCLR rates between Major League Baseball (MLB) and Minor League Baseball (MiLB) players.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective, descriptive epidemiological study was conducted using an open-source database.
  • Data included 1801 professional male baseball pitchers who underwent UCLR between 1974 and 2024.
  • Change-point analysis was employed to detect temporal shifts in UCLR surgery rates for MLB and MiLB players.

Main Results:

  • Three significant change points in UCLR surgeries were identified for MLB players (around 1989, 2000, 2012).
  • Three significant change points were also identified for MiLB players (around 2001, 2009, 2013).
  • The annual number of UCLR surgeries has generally increased over the study period, with higher rates observed in MiLB compared to MLB.

Conclusions:

  • There has been a consistent rise in UCLR surgeries in professional baseball over the last 50 years.
  • Distinct temporal increases in UCLR procedures highlight evolving injury patterns or treatment seeking behaviors.
  • Minor League Baseball consistently shows a higher annual volume of UCLR surgeries than Major League Baseball.