Basement membranes in lung metastasis growth and progression

The lung is a highly vascularized tissue that often harbors metastases from various extrathoracic malignancies. Lung parenchyma consists of a complex network of alveolar epithelial cells and microvessels, structured within an architecture defined by basement membranes. Consequently, understanding the role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the growth of lung metastases is essential to uncover the biology of this pathology and developing targeted therapies. These basement membranes play a critical role in the progression of lung metastases, influencing multiple stages of the metastatic cascade, from the acquisition of an aggressive phenotype to intravasation, extravasation and colonization of secondary sites. This review examines the biological composition of basement membranes, focusing on their core components-collagens, fibronectin, and laminin-and their specific roles in cancer progression. Additionally, we discuss the function of integrins as primary mediators of cell adhesion and signaling between tumor cells, basement membranes and the extracellular matrix, as well as their implications for metastatic growth in the lung. We also explore vascular co-option (VCO) as a form of tumor growth resistance linked to basement membranes and tumor vasculature. Finally, the review covers current clinical therapies targeting tumor adhesion, extracellular matrix remodeling, and vascular development, aiming to improve the precision and effectiveness of treatments against lung metastases.