Evidence for the dependence of visual and kinesthetic motor imagery on isolated visual and motor practice

Motor imagery (MI) is a cognitive process believed to rely on the representation developed through experience. The equivalence between MI and execution has been questioned and the relationship between experience types and MI is unclear. We tested how observational and physical practice of hand gesture sequences impacted visual and kinesthetic MI and transfer to the unpracticed effector. Three groups (n = 22/gp.); no-vision physical practice, observational practice and no-practice control, practiced and visually and kinesthetically imagined performing the sequences. MI was assessed using mental chronometry, a movement time (MT) congruency measure and subjective ratings. Physical practice improved kinesthetic MI ratings and observational practice improved visual MI ratings. Contrary to predictions, physical practice did not enhance timing congruency. Imagined MTs were longer in transfer after physical practice, suggesting MI was not based on the same representation. These data question ideas of equivalence, with poor temporal matching after no-vision physical practice.