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Fast Reactions01:27

Fast Reactions

Fast reactions occurring in times shorter than the time needed to mix reactants pose a unique challenge for investigation. In a liquid-phase continuous-flow system, reactants A and B are swiftly pushed into the mixing chamber, where mixing occurs within 1 ms. The reaction mixture then flows through an observation tube, and one measures light absorption to determine species concentrations at various points of the tube. This method is most appropriate when relatively large volumes of reactants...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Ligand-Mediated Nucleation and Growth of Palladium Metal Nanoparticles
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Interparticle Ligand Exchange Kinetics Revealed by Time-Resolved SANS.

Sang-Jo Lee1, Jong Dae Jang2, Sung-Min Choi1

  • 1Department of Nuclear and Quantum Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.

Nano Letters
|December 25, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Interparticle ligand exchange in gold nanoparticle superlattices (NPSLs) is temperature-dependent. Higher temperatures significantly increase ligand exchange, with kinetics following first-order behavior and an activation energy of 29.1 kcal/mol.

Keywords:
gold nanoparticleinterparticle ligand exchangenanoparticle superlatticetime-resolved small-angle neutron scattering

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Nanoparticle superlattices (NPSLs) are ordered assemblies with properties dependent on interparticle interactions.
  • Interparticle ligand exchange can influence NPSL symmetry and overall structure.
  • Understanding ligand exchange kinetics is crucial for controlling NPSL formation and properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the kinetics of interparticle thiolate ligand exchange among gold nanoparticles (AuNPs).
  • To investigate the effect of temperature on ligand exchange rates.
  • To determine the activation energy of the ligand exchange process.

Main Methods:

  • Time-resolved small-angle neutron scattering (TR-SANS) was employed to monitor ligand exchange.
  • Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were functionalized with hydrogenated and deuterated dodecanethiol for contrast.
  • Experiments were conducted in a toluene/deuterated toluene solvent mixture at various temperatures (25-80 °C).

Main Results:

  • Ligand exchange was minimal at 25 °C but increased significantly with temperature (11% at 50 °C, 34% at 60 °C, 74% at 70 °C).
  • Exchange reached saturation at 80 °C within 20 hours.
  • The exchange process followed first-order kinetics with an activation energy of 29.1 kcal/mol.

Conclusions:

  • Ligand desorption is the rate-determining step in the interparticle ligand exchange process.
  • Temperature is a critical factor controlling ligand exchange kinetics in AuNP systems.
  • These findings provide valuable data for designing and understanding nanoparticle superlattices.