Advancing Thalamic Nuclei Segmentation: The Impact of Compressed Sensing on MRI Processing

The thalamus is a collection of gray matter nuclei that play a crucial role in sensorimotor processing and modulation of cortical activity. Characterizing thalamic nuclei non-invasively with structural MRI is particularly relevant for patient populations with Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, dementia, and schizophrenia. However, severe head motion in these populations poses a significant challenge for in vivo mapping of thalamic nuclei. Recent advancements have leveraged the compressed sensing (CS) framework to accelerate structural MRI acquisition times in MPRAGE sequence variants, while fast segmentation tools like FastSurfer have reduced processing times in neuroimaging research. In this study, we evaluated thalamic nuclei segmentations derived from six different MPRAGE variants with varying degrees of CS acceleration (from about 9 to about 1-min acquisitions). Thalamic segmentations were initialized from either FastSurfer or FreeSurfer, and the robustness of the thalamic nuclei segmentation tool to different initialization inputs was evaluated. Our findings show minimal sequence effects with no systematic bias, and low volume variability across sequences for the whole thalamus and major thalamic nuclei. Notably, CS-accelerated sequences produced less variable volumes compared to non-CS sequences. Additionally, segmentations of thalamic nuclei initialized from FastSurfer and FreeSurfer were highly comparable. We provide the first evidence supporting that a good segmentation quality of thalamic nuclei with CS T1-weighted image acceleration in a clinical 3T MRI system is possible. Our findings encourage future applications of fast T1-weighted MRI to study deep gray matter. CS-accelerated sequences and rapid segmentation methods are promising tools for future studies aiming to characterize thalamic nuclei in vivo at 3T in both healthy individuals and clinical populations.