Phosphatidic acid signaling in modulating plant reproduction and architecture

Phosphatidic acid (PA) is an important class of signaling lipids involved in various biological processes in plants. Functional characterization of mutants of PA-metabolizing enzymes, combined with lipidomics and protein-lipid interaction analyses, has revealed the key role of PA signaling in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Moreover, PA and its metabolizing enzymes influence several reproductive processes, including gametogenesis, pollen tube growth, self-incompatibility, haploid embryo formation, embryogenesis, and seed development. They also play a significant role in shaping plant reproductive and root architecture. Recent studies have shed light on the diverse mechanisms of PA's action, though much remains to be elucidated. Here, we summarize recent advances in the study of PA and its metabolizing enzymes, emphasizing their roles in plant sexual reproduction and architecture. We also explore potential mechanisms underlying PA's functions and discuss future research directions.