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Neurodevelopmental disorders in children with cleft lip and palate: a systematic review

Benjamin Cook1, Stef Van Bockstaele2, Samuel B Crow3

  • 1Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK. Benjamin.d.cook@kcl.ac.uk.

European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
|December 26, 2024
PubMed

Insights

Children with orofacial clefts (OFCs) show higher autism spectrum disorder (ASD) rates than the general population. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) links are less clear, with isolated cleft palate and syndromic clefts posing higher risks.

Area of Science:

  • Medical Research
  • Developmental Pediatrics
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Orofacial clefts (OFCs) are common birth defects.
  • Potential links between OFCs, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) require investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and summarize current data on ASD and ADHD prevalence in children with OFCs.
  • To compare these prevalence rates to the general pediatric population.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review adhering to PRISMA guidelines.
  • Searched PubMed/Medline and Embase databases in July 2024.
  • Included nine studies after screening 1025 papers; calculated prevalence and compared to global/control data.

Main Results:

  • ASD prevalence in OFC populations ranged from 0-50% (mean 2.87%), significantly higher than the global average of ~1%.
  • ADHD prevalence ranged from 2.34-31.71% (mean 3.63%), with less clear differences compared to the global average of ~5%.
  • Isolated cleft palate and syndromic clefts showed higher prevalence rates for ASD and ADHD.

Conclusions:

  • Children with OFCs exhibit an increased prevalence of ASD.
  • The association between OFCs and ADHD requires further investigation.
  • Individuals with isolated cleft palate or syndromic clefts may be at higher risk, warranting further research.

Keywords:
22q11 deletion syndromeAttention deficit hyperactivity disorderAutism spectrum disorderCleft lip and palateOrofacial clefts

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