Angiogenic Markers in Gestational Diabetes and their Association with Placental Dimensions

GDM is an increasing global concern, with its etiology not fully understood, though altered placental function is likely to play a role. Placental angiogenesis, essential for sufficient blood flow and nutrient exchange between mother and fetus, may be affected by GDM. However, the role of angiogenic markers in GDM remains unclear. This study aims to investigate angiogenic markers from early pregnancy till delivery and their relationship with placental dimensions. This study is a part of a longitudinal study, where a total of 1154 women were recruited, out of which 167 women developed GDM (15.2%). The current study includes a total of 130 women randomly selected (65 GDM and 65 Non-GDM women). Plasma and placental levels of angiogenic markers such as VEGF, PLGF and sFlt-1/Flt-1 were estimated. Placental dimensions and birth outcomes were recorded, and associations between angiogenic markers and these parameters were examined. sFlt-1 (p < 0.05) levels were higher at V1 (11-14 weeks) in GDM women as compared to Non-GDM women. Placental PLGF (p < 0.01) and Flt-1 (p < 0.05) levels were lower in the GDM group. PLGF and Flt-1 were negatively associated with placental dimensions such as major axis, minor axis and breadth of the placenta. This study reveals altered expression of placental angiogenic markers in women with GDM, potentially affecting placental development and function. Negative correlations between these markers and placental dimensions suggest their influence on pregnancy outcomes in GDM.