An exploratory study of the safety profile and neurocognitive function after single doses of mitragynine in humans
Elisabeth Prevete1,2, Eef L Theunissen1, Kim P C Kuypers1
1Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
Rationale:
Despite the growing scientific interest on mitragynine, the primary alkaloid in kratom (Mitragyna Speciosa), there is a lack of clinical trials in humans.
Objectives:
This phase 1 study aimed to evaluate mitragynine's safety profile and acute effects on subjective drug experience, neurocognition, and pain tolerance.
Methods:
A placebo-controlled, single-blind, within-subjects study was conducted in two parts. In part A, eight healthy human volunteers received placebo and three doses of mitragynine (5, 10, and 20 mg) in a sequential dosing scheme, on separate days. In part B, a second group of seven volunteers received placebo and 40 mg of mitragynine. Vital signs, subjective drug experience, neurocognitive function, and pain tolerance were measured at regular intervals for 7 h after administration.
Results:
Overall, mitragynine did not affect most of the outcome measures at any dose. Yet, the lowest dose (5 mg) of mitragynine increased subjective ratings of arousal and attention, accuracy in a sustained attention task, and motor inhibition. The highest dose (40 mg) of mitragynine increased subjective ratings of amnesia and produced mild psychopathological symptoms. Mitragynine did not significantly affect vital signs, and only mild, transient side effects were reported.
Conclusion:
The present study suggests that low doses (5-10 mg) of mitragynine may cause subjective feelings of stimulation and enhance attention, while the highest dose (40 mg) may cause inhibitory feelings of amnesia and distress. Mitragynine doses up to 40 mg were well tolerated in this group.
