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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain PPOP
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Models for predicting vaginal birth after cesarean section: scoping review.

Hong Cui1, Wenhui Shan1, Quan Na1

  • 1Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
|December 26, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Predictive models for vaginal birth after cesarean section (VBAC) exist but require more validation. Future research should focus on high-quality studies to improve clinical decision-making for expectant mothers.

Keywords:
Prediction modelScoping reviewTOLACTrial of labor after cesarean deliveryVaginal birth after cesarean, VBAC

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Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Clinical Prediction Modeling

Background:

  • Women with prior cesarean delivery face a choice between vaginal birth or repeat cesarean.
  • Vaginal birth is generally safer but carries a risk of labor failure.
  • Predictive models can aid in selecting the appropriate delivery method.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review existing prediction models for vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC).

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search across seven databases up to July 2022.
  • Independent screening and data extraction by two researchers.
  • Risk of bias and applicability assessment using the Prediction model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool.

Main Results:

  • Twenty-six studies identified, proposing 26 distinct prediction models.
  • Models showed good overall properties but lacked sufficient external validation.
  • Methodological quality was generally low, with most studies having a high risk of bias.

Conclusions:

  • Existing VBAC prediction models have methodological limitations and require further validation.
  • High-quality, prospective research is needed to develop robust and clinically useful visual models.
  • Improved predictive tools can assist clinicians in guiding women toward the optimal delivery choice.