Understanding Post-Translational Modifications in Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a highly contagious virus affecting pigs with significant impacts to the swine industry worldwide. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of post-translational modifications (PTMs) associated with PRRSV infection. We discuss the various types of PTMs, including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMoylation, acetylation, glycosylation, palmitoylation, and lactylation, that occur during PRRSV infection. We emphasize how these modifications affect the function and activity of viral proteins, thereby influencing virus replication, assembly, and egress. Additionally, we delve into the host cellular responses triggered by PRRSV, particularly the PTMs that regulate host signaling pathways and immune responses. Furthermore, we summarize the current understandings of how PTMs facilitate the ability of virus to evade the host immune system, enabling it to establish persistent infections. Finally, we address the implications of these modifications in the development of novel antiviral strategies and the potential for exploiting PTMs as therapeutic targets. This review highlights the significance of PTMs in shaping viral pathogenicity and host antiviral mechanisms and provides valuable insights for future research aimed at developing effective interventions against PRRSV infections.