Ethnogenetic analysis reveals the Bronze Age genetic affiliation of Yashkuns with West Eurasians

Focusing on the Yashkun population of Gilgit-Baltistan, an administrative territory in northern Pakistan, our study investigated mtDNA haplotypes as indicators of ancient gene flow and genetic diversity. Genomic DNA was extracted and evaluated for quality using agarose gel electrophoresis. The complete control region of mtDNA (nt 16024-576) was amplified via PCR, and sequencing was performed using the Big Dye Terminator Kit on an Applied Biosystems Genetic Analyzer. Sequence alignment and analysis were conducted using Geneious software and the Cambridge Reference Sequence (CRS). Haplotypes were classified into phylogenetic haplogroups with HaploGrep 2 and the Mito Tool platform, referencing PhyloTree version 17. The study identified considerable genetic diversity within the Yashkun population, with major macro-haplogroups H (29.47%), T (13.68%), and M (13.68%) representing West Eurasian, South Asian, and East & Southeast Asian lineages. The highest genetic affiliation was with West Eurasian haplogroups (73.68%), indicating significant gene flow from the West. The population's genetic distinctiveness was highlighted by the calculation of forensic genetic characteristics, such as power of discrimination (PD = 0.9975), genetic diversity (GD = 0.9865), and random match probability (RMP = 0.01349). The knowledge of the genetic makeup of the Yashkun population was further improved by the inference of phylogenetic links made possible by comparisons with other indigenous groups in Pakistan. These results attest to the reliability of mtDNA data for forensic applications such as ancestry tracking, individual identification, and additions to national forensic databases. The inclusion of mtDNA analysis in forensic science is strongly supported by this groundbreaking study on the Yashkun community, especially in areas like Pakistan with diverse genetic histories.