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Vitamin D, immune function, and atherosclerosis. Where are we now?

Ailyn Rivero1, Kent R Wehmeier1, Michael J Haas1

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL 32206.

Nutrition Research (New York, N.Y.)
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Summary

Vitamin D deficiency is linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. While some studies show limited benefit of vitamin D supplementation for CVD mortality, others suggest potential advantages, necessitating further research.

Keywords:
AtherosclerosisCoronary artery diseaseInflammationVitamin D

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology
  • Cardiovascular Medicine

Background:

  • Vitamin D is crucial for calcium metabolism, skeletal health, and immune function.
  • Vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL) is associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.
  • CVD is a leading cause of mortality, driven by inflammation and other factors like hypertension and diabetes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evidence on vitamin D's role in immune function and its relationship with cardiovascular disease.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in preventing CVD and reducing CVD-related mortality.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of epidemiological studies, randomized clinical trials, and preclinical research.
  • Analysis of studies examining vitamin D levels in relation to CVD risk and mortality.
  • Evaluation of randomized clinical trials on vitamin D supplementation for CVD prevention.

Main Results:

  • Some meta-analyses suggest vitamin D supplementation has minimal effect on CVD mortality in deficient individuals.
  • Well-designed randomized trials indicate potential benefits of vitamin D treatment for individuals at risk of CVD complications.
  • Optimal vitamin D levels for immune function in patients remain unclear.

Conclusions:

  • Evidence on vitamin D's impact on CVD mortality is mixed, with some studies showing limited benefit and others suggesting potential advantages.
  • More research is needed to determine optimal vitamin D concentrations for immune function and its cost-effectiveness in CVD prevention.
  • Further investigation is required to clarify the role of vitamin D supplementation in managing cardiovascular disease risk.