Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

AI-Based Pathology classifier Predicts Sensitivity to Enzalutamide in Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer: A Biomarker Analysis of the ENZAMET Trial.

Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research·2026

Same author

Pembrolizumab and Denosumab in Clear-Cell Renal-Cell Carcinoma.

Clinical genitourinary cancer·2026

Same author

Dendrimer-nanoparticle (DEP) delivery of cabazitaxel (DEP-cabazitaxel): A first-in-human phase 1/2 trial in patients with advanced solid tumours.

European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990)·2026

Same author

Correction: Reduced Retinal Microvascular Density, Improved Forepaw Reach, Comparative Microarray and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis with c-jun Targeting DNA Enzyme.

PloS one·2026

Same author

Preemptive cardioprotection with a small molecule in rodents that suppresses genes predictive of heart failure.

Science advances·2026

Same author

A roadmap for establishing institutional readiness for cellular therapies targeting solid tumours and autoimmune diseases.

NPJ precision oncology·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2025

Co-immunoprecipitation Assay for Studying Functional Interactions Between Receptors and Enzymes

Co-immunoprecipitation Assay for Studying Functional Interactions Between Receptors and Enzymes

Published on: September 28, 2018

Interplay between CD28 and PD-1 in T cell immunotherapy.

Zuhayr Jafri¹, Jingwen Zhang¹, Connor H O'Meara²

¹Vascular Biology and Translational Research, Department of Pathology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.

Vascular Pharmacology

|December 29, 2024

Summary

Immune checkpoint therapy for solid tumors faces resistance due to T cell exhaustion. Targeting the costimulatory receptor CD28 shows potential to overcome this exhaustion and enhance anti-PD-1 therapies.

Keywords:

CD28 Immunotherapy PD-1 T cell

More Related Videos

Identifying PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors with Surface Plasmon Resonance Technology

Identifying PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors with Surface Plasmon Resonance Technology

Published on: May 2, 2025

Monitoring PD-1-Blocking Antibodies Bound to T Cells Derived from a Drop of Peripheral Blood

Monitoring PD-1-Blocking Antibodies Bound to T Cells Derived from a Drop of Peripheral Blood

Published on: February 5, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 4, 2025

Co-immunoprecipitation Assay for Studying Functional Interactions Between Receptors and Enzymes

Co-immunoprecipitation Assay for Studying Functional Interactions Between Receptors and Enzymes

Published on: September 28, 2018

Identifying PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors with Surface Plasmon Resonance Technology

Identifying PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors with Surface Plasmon Resonance Technology

Published on: May 2, 2025

Monitoring PD-1-Blocking Antibodies Bound to T Cells Derived from a Drop of Peripheral Blood

Monitoring PD-1-Blocking Antibodies Bound to T Cells Derived from a Drop of Peripheral Blood

Published on: February 5, 2020

Area of Science:

Immunology
Oncology
Cancer Immunotherapy

Background:

Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway have transformed solid tumor treatment.
T cell exhaustion is a major mechanism of resistance to anti-PD-1 therapies, leading to suboptimal patient responses.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the intricate interplay between PD-1 and CD28 signaling in T cell immunotherapy.
To elucidate how CD28 signaling transcriptionally modulates T cell exhaustion.
To review clinical strategies targeting CD28, including past challenges and recent advancements.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on PD-1/PD-L1 and CD28 signaling pathways.
Analysis of T cell exhaustion mechanisms in response to immunotherapy.
Examination of clinical trial data and research on CD28-targeted therapies.

Main Results:

CD28 costimulatory signaling can counteract T cell exhaustion.
CD28 influences PD-1 signaling, suggesting a synergistic potential in immunotherapy.
CD28 plays a role in the transcriptional regulation of T cell exhaustion.

Conclusions:

CD28 represents a promising complementary target to enhance the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapies.
Overcoming T cell exhaustion through CD28 modulation is crucial for improving cancer patient outcomes.
Future clinical development of CD28-targeting agents holds significant potential for cancer immunotherapy.