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Innate immune response after BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccination associates with reactogenicity.

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The innate immune response strength correlates with COVID-19 vaccine side effects. Higher innate responsiveness increased the likelihood of moderate symptoms after the first BNT162b2 vaccine dose, but did not affect antibody levels.

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Adverse eventsImmunogenicityInnate immunitySARS-CoV-2Side effects

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • The innate immune system plays a role in adaptive immunity development and vaccine reactogenicity.
  • Understanding the link between innate responsiveness and vaccine side effects is crucial for vaccine development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between innate immune responsiveness, vaccine reactogenicity, and antibody response following the first BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) COVID-19 vaccination.
  • To explore how individual differences in innate immune responses influence immediate side effects and long-term antibody production.

Main Methods:

  • 146 healthy Dutch individuals (12-59 years) received the first BNT162b2 vaccine.
  • Reactogenicity was monitored daily via questionnaires.
  • Cytokine and chemokine levels were measured to assess innate responsiveness.
  • Spike S1 and RBD antibody concentrations were measured at day 28.

Main Results:

  • 85% of participants reported local or systemic symptoms; 54% experienced moderate symptoms.
  • Higher levels of pro-inflammatory mediators were detected post-vaccination.
  • Individuals with high innate immune responsiveness had significantly higher odds of experiencing moderate symptoms (OR 6.0).
  • No association was found between innate responsiveness or symptom severity and antibody concentrations at day 28.

Conclusions:

  • The strength of the innate immune response is associated with the severity of reactogenicity after COVID-19 vaccination.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the relationship between vaccine reactogenicity and immunogenicity.